"Conclusions and policy outlook", in EC, Europe’s Future: Open Innovation, Open Science, Open to the World:Reflections of the RISE Group

This concluding chapter contains two sections. The first section pursuesand concludes the discussion started in the Introduction to this book on the observation that the knowledge-innovation nexus seems to be broken in Europe but also in most of the other developed countries in the world such as the US and Japan. This is reflected amongst others in the debate about the economically invisible productivity impact of research, and in particular the discussion surrounding the impact of publicly funded research. What could be called the 21st Century productivity paradox. As argued here that paradoxappears far less a paradox in the case of Europe